An F1 car can sometimes reach 210 mph on the straight and take certain corners flat-out at nearly 185 mph, all thanks to three aerodynamic marvels.
But how do modern F1 cars manage to maintain such grip? How is the aerodynamic downforce distributed, and more importantly, what are the three most important elements in Formula 1 in 2024? Welcome to this new top 3.
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50-60% of downforce generated by the floor
With the new regulations that came into effect in 2022, the concepts of aerodynamic downforce have changed in Formula 1. Gone are the ultra-complex front and rear wings; now, half of the downforce comes from the diffuser and the floor. This involves two concepts: ground effect and Venturi tunnels. Essentially, the diffuser, located at the rear and almost invisible, plays a crucial role in this system as it accelerates airflow under the car. This creates a strong low-pressure area that literally sucks the floor (and therefore the entire car) down toward the ground. It’s extremely effective in fast corners. On top of that, it also helps reduce drag, which is the resistance of the air. Ideal for high speeds on the straight.
The rear wing generates 25-30% of the downforce
The rear wing stabilizes the rear of the car, helping it stay glued to the ground on the straight and in high-speed corners. Moreover, side fins and openings like the Drag Reduction System (DRS) actionable by the driver via a button on the steering wheel allow control of this downforce to maximize straight-line speed. Its angle can be adjusted to find the best balance between downforce and drag. For example, on circuits where top speed is key, like Monza, the rear wing is generally very flat. Conversely, in Monaco, the rear wings are highly angled, almost vertical. Previously, these rear wings generated a lot of downforce but “slowed” the car due to drag, which has been corrected since 2022.
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15-20% of downforce is generated by the front wing
Lastly, the front wing is designed to generate downforce while directing airflow toward other parts of the F1 car, like the floor, air intakes, or radiators. It optimizes the balance between the front and rear of the car by pressing the front end down onto the track. This keeps the front wheels glued to the ground in tight corners, preventing sliding. The multiple adjustable sections of the wing channel the air precisely, affecting stability and handling in corners. Apart from the tires, it’s the only part that can be replaced or adjusted during a race. These three elements, adjusted to the nearest inch, work together to keep the car firmly planted on the track, allowing it to reach absolutely. insane speeds.
This article explores the distribution of aerodynamic downforce on an F1 car, studying the three main elements essential for keeping the car gripped to the track and their roles.
Featured image: Mercedes AMG F1 Team archives
